MPH502-Introduction to Public Health (Module 3 CBT) Essay

MPH502-Introduction to Public Health (Module 3 CBT) - Essay Example Right from the early days of industrial revolution, substantial portions of rural population together with migrants coming in search of work from other countries flocked to cities and towns that resulted in overcrowding, slum conditions and squalor with the associated problems of garbage, sewage, pollution and unclean drinking water that had negative impact on public health. Citizens quite rightly veered round to the opinion that control of diseases and maintenance of public health should fall in the public domain of governmental responsibility and there should be relevant laws and regulations that would ensure each citizen gets the chance to lead a healthy life with government being responsible to provide all the necessary amenities and maintain decent standards of public health. Governments of both industrialized and developing countries have since then passed numerous legislations in this regard and public health is quite rightly now firmly entrenched in the domain of public autho rity and public administration. Neither the governments nor the citizens deny that the primary responsibility of public health rests with the government of the country. Public health professionals quite obviously desire that there should be progressively larger allocation of funds towards prevention of diseases rather than fighting them when they threaten to go out of hand and become a matter of serious concern. Prevention, as the saying goes, is always better than cure. But in the political climate prevailing in late and middle 1990s it was becoming increasingly difficult for public health professionals to emphasize the importance of prevention as some of the law makers were of the opinion that the threat to public health was made to look more sinister than it actually was. Though there might be some instances of such overdrive, one agrees wholeheartedly with the author’s concern about prevention of a disease before it snowballs into a public health crisis. (Gostin L. O.,

Policy making in carbon capture and storage Essay

Policy making in carbon capture and storage - Essay Example CCS is very attractive because it has the capabilities of enabling the biggest global economies to utilize abundant and cheap coal resources. The coal usage is without releasing large volumes of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. There are four key policy recommendations that can enhance the widespread adoption of CCS in the United States. Firstly, the United States federal government should provide subsidies to enhance commercial scale CCS. The subsidies should cater for several approaches of geological storage. Though CCS can be a profitable venture, the government should provide assistance during the short term to illustrate the technology at commercial levels. The government support should also cover several costs, like expenses involved in independent monitoring of the CCS projects. Grants are needed to support the financing of the present PC plants that have the post combustion capture processes. The awards should cover only part of the expenses in the CCS projects; this is because the projects possess several factors that ensure economical benefits. For instance, accelerating state subsidies for the CCS

Freedom of Speech

Freedom of Speech Freedom to say what you want To me, the right of freedom of speech in the first amendment or correction in the Constitution is a standout amongst the most significant rights American natives have. It implies that I can voice and express my individual assessments and maintain the first objectives of our administration. To start with, this provides for me the right to voice and convey what needs be wherever and at whatever point I pick, as long as I dont meddle with any other individual Constitutional rights. Second, the United States might be in a to a great degree frail state if nationals didnt have the right to Freedom of speech. Without Freedom of speech in our Bill of Rights, individuals couldnt remain up for what they have confidence in (Kanovitz, 2010). I imagine that if an individual has an idea or point they need to voice they ought to have the ability to without anything remaining in their direction. Besides, not having this right might imply that it might be almost outlandish for specific associations to structure on the grounds that they wouldnt have the capacity to express their perspectives. Additionally, since the United States has the freedom of speech, natives have the capacity to have a bigger voice in their legislature (Kanovitz, 2010). These individuals who voice their conclusions can influence their legislature authorities position on present issues. Freedom of speech is an imperative good on the grounds that it permits presentation toward oneself, and at last gives worth to the single person. I accept that free discourse amplifies past the logos-based contention and I accept that free discourse involves more than that of what Peter guarantees, that there is to be no former control. I accept that the method of reasoning based off of Peter; most satisfactorily speaks to the idea of free discourse. This is on account of Peter is not at all like whatever possible savant; he centers his philosophical establishing on the thought that there is not a flat out destination truth. Diminish avows the thought that if there is no total truth then no two people will recognize esteem and truth in the same way; hence, Peter infers that the reason that we communicate is for our own particular fulfillment toward oneself. Dwindle grounds his convictions on the singular and the esteem that discourse has on him or her. He doesnt accept that Freedom o f speech as well as interpretation is a methods in which people can work to make an aggregate great, or profit social order overall, yet opportunity of discourse is an intends to enhance ones own particular self (singer, 1994). It is my conviction that discourse ought to keep on being ensured under the laws of the Constitution and the Harm Principle in light of the fact that by restricting discourse government will be compelled to comply with what social order esteems to be regularizing practices, subsequently defaming the convictions of the individuals who dont fall under the dominant part. The Harm Principle is dependent upon this conviction that The main reason for which power could be legitimately practiced over any part of a humanized group, without wanting to, will be to avert mischief to others. (Law publish, 2011) I accept that this is amazingly huge on the grounds that it is difficult to control a distinctive feelings; it is inadequate to say that what will terribly insulted one man will likewise horribly irritate an alternate. Since nobody will have the same enthusiastic pain it is difficult to control utilizing any hypothesis that builds its discipline with respect to discourse that insults. I accept that free speech ought to dependably be ensured. It is just when discourse shows an immediate peril that distinct activities ought to be constrained. At last what we need most is the security of people. With a specific end goal to accomplish this it is important to ensure the residents from immediate mischief while additionally taking into account opportunity of outflow to happen. Free discourse eventually gives worth to the distinct notwithstanding if the discourse is disrespectful, rebellious, or passionate as long as it remains peaceful then it ought to remain ensured under the First Amendment (First Amendment in History, 2010). Nonetheless, in cases that do instigate some ethical or physical mischief it is important to take a gander at this nearly; it is essential for the administration to give a forcing motivation to manage or rebuff the discourse. I accept that the regulations that I have actualized ought to be the most extreme measure of regulation on free discourse. This is on account of people ought to have the right to talk their psyche and communicate anyway they need. Government ought not to be permitted to place regulations on representations as long as it doesnt physically impel hurt and the administration does not have the power to limit free-gliding plans. At last the flexibility to convey what needs be is dependent upon the quality of the discourse to the single person. Nonetheless, I dont accept that it is sensible to accept that all nations will utilize my model as a foundation. This is on account of I accept that nearby society will play excessively incredible of a part. In this way, I accept that this model ought to be actualized as an objective for all countries to attain. The base measure of free discourse to be secured might vary from mine (Tueber, 1988). All in all, I accept that freedom of speech is an extremely fundamental piece of our administrations relationship between residents and government authorities. In the event that we didnt have freedom of speech, our administration wouldnt be of the individuals, by the individuals, for the individuals (Monk, 2003); government authorities might be settling on all the choices. To emphasize, Freedom of speech might be something that can help a unique express their idea on something or it can help and singular damage an alternate race/type of individuals without results because of the boundless opportunity of discourse. In the event that Freedom of speech was restricted, it might help control a great deal of separation and the mobs on the grounds that they can get charged for it and be captured. At last, that is the thing that opportunity of discourse intends to me. Works Cited First Amendment in History. (2010). Retrieved from Illinois First Amendment Center: http://www.illinoisfirstamendmentcenter.com/history.php Kanovitz. (2010). Freedom of Speech. New Providence (pp. pp. 42-87). New Jersey: Matthew Bender and Company, Inc. Law publish. (2011). Retrieved from Advertising is Protected by the First Amendment: http://www.lawpublish.com/amend1.html Monk. (2003). First Amendment. Retrieved from Interactive Constitution: http://72.32.50.200/constitution/details_explanation.php?link=120const=08_amd_01 singer, P. (1994). Ethics. Oxford. Tueber. (1988, March). Original Intent or How Does the Constitution Mean? Retrieved from The London Review of Books: http://people.brandeis.edu/~teuber/origintent.html

Battling Digital Piracy Essay -- Piracy

In today’s age where Internet can provide fast access to any kind of information and media, copyrighted content faces grave threat of infringement. The distribution and unauthorized copying of such copyrighted content results in digital piracy. Common examples are downloading and uploading movies, music, e-books, software, and other copyrighted content online. Piracy deprives the original creators, scientists and artists of the deserved incentives. Digital Piracy has caused the US Copyright Industry a loss of billions of dollars and hundreds of thousands of jobs. To protect the copyright owners’ exclusive rights and encourage original ideas for scientific progress, digital piracy needs to be curbed with appropriate measures. Thus, this paper will discuss the problems caused by digital piracy and suggest measures to reduce digital piracy. With the growing popularity of the Internet, worldwide distribution of content can be done easily at lower price easily avoiding middlemen for distribution purposes. The disadvantage of such easy access is that consumers can access content that they may not be authorized to view for free. Downloading of digital pirated data being just a click away, many internet users are resorting to illegal sites or the peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. The extent of this problem is so much so that 25% of traffic on the Internet today is one resulting from copyright infringement. The progress in digital technology has enabled the production of countless replicas inexpensively and their distribution on Internet without any hassles. Content produced without copy-protection measures, the availability of high-speed internet and cheap storage means available online; all contribute to the rising incidence of piracy. ... ...gal means. Internet was meant to be open in nature, to provide information and services to everyone but was never meant to be a gigantic piracy machine. It was not designed to facilitate access to copyrighted content and encourage sharing of protected content. There is an urgent need to do away with Internet services that encourage digital piracy. Internet Enterprises, Government and consumers should together work towards maintaining integrity of Internet and take active measures to obliterate digital piracy. FCC plays an important role by implementing policy and technical controls to achieve this. Works Cited http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/resources/documents/upload/021611Leahy-RecordSubmissions-Website.pdf http://www.cs.washington.edu/education/courses/csep590a/06au/projects/digital-piracy.pdf http://www.itif.org/files/2009-digital-piracy.pdf

Overseas Chinese and Moon Shadow Essay

Immigrants’ lives become very difficult when they move to a new country. They are often discriminated against due to their race and/ or nationality. This problem occurs many times throughout Dragonwings, a book by Laurence Yep. In his book, the Chinese characters who immigrate to America face many challenges in their new lives. They are thought of as inferior, have to endure many hardships, and become lonely due to the fact that they must leave the majority of their families in China. In this book, the immigrants face multiple difficulties and challenges in the new world they know as the Land of the Golden Mountain. One challenge that the immigrants face in this story is that they are thought of as inferior by Americans, or â€Å"demons† as they have begun to refer to them. Demons are not accepting of differences; therefore the Chinese are looked down upon, and don’t get equal rights and privileges. For example, Moon Shadow’s grandmother tells him that his father traveled to America to work as a laundryman before he was born. She tells Moon Shadow that gold, in the Land of the Golden Mountain, is everywhere and men can scoop it up by the bucket-full. When he asks why his father does not get enough gold to return home, his grandmother replies, â€Å"Demons roam the mountain up and down and they beat up any of our men who try to get the gold† (6). She mentions that they are allowed to take only a small pinch of it, and only if they do all of the hard, grueling labor that they are told to do. This quote proves that Chinese (Tang) people are belittled. They are forced to work like slaves. Good-paying jobs are very difficult for them to find. They must also be careful when choosing them. Moon Shadow states, â€Å"There was plenty of money to be made among the demons, but it was also dangerous† (1). This states that though there are many job opportunities in America, the lives of Chinese people are sometimes put at risk. This would almost certainly not have been the case if an American were to have the same job. This demonstrates the prejudice which exists against Tang men. The book also mentions that Americans often assume Chinese people are greedy, that they are after Americans’ money. This fact is proven when Windrider stops to help a man, Mr. Alger, fix his car. After he mends the automobile, Mr. Alger automatically pulls money out of his pocket to tip him. Windrider says modestly, â€Å"‘ No tip, just happy to look at horseless'†(57). Mr. Alger assumes that Windrider only stops to help because he wants money. Moon Shadow goes on to say that â€Å"the demon stopped and studied Father as you might look at a dog that had suddenly said he was going to the opera† (57). This demonstrates Moon Shadows knowledge that white people think Chinese cannot possibly get high-paying jobs due to their lack of skills or importance. These immigrants have to bear much racism and scrutiny–and the insecurity that goes with it–in their new homeland. Immigrants also have to face and live in many harsh, new conditions. For example, they have to put up with stereotypes and stories about them. This is proven when Moon Shadow is traveling by ship to America to meet his father for the very first time. Moon Shadow is told a story â€Å"about how the [Tang men] had slept upside-down on top of their heads with knives between their teeth, and so on† (11). This shows that the white people are very cruel to the Chinese, even if the story stretches the truth. To make up a story of this violent nature means that it is not far beyond them to do it. Americans also force the Chinese immigrants to live with the constant threat of violence. On one occasion, they go out with the intention of hurting the Chinese, simply for the pleasure of it. Black Dog, a relative of Moon Shadow, states, â€Å"‘The demons are all getting drunk and getting ready for beating up Tang men. The word is to stay inside'† (29). This further shows that the Chinese must face violence, a new element, in their everyday lives. Last, they must endure harsh conditions when arriving in America for the first time, going through immigration. This is a very long, torturous process. Moon Shadow explains, â€Å"The demons kept us locked inside a long, two-story warehouse for a week before it was our turn to be questioned† (11). This illustrates the fact that life is hardly bearable for them in the Land of the Golden Mountain. Things are very difficult, especially because of the way they are treated. The last and one of the most unbearable elements of all for immigrants is loneliness. Families are separated. Moon Shadow’s father leaves his wife, mother, and unborn son in China when he goes to live in America. He leaves with the expectation that he will be able to see his family in approximately five years, as most can. Moon Shadow notes, however, â€Å"though there were longer separations, as with Mother and Father† (3). This proves that families can be forced to endure long periods of time without seeing each other. As one might imagine, they become very lonely. Also, they often miss the appearance of the elaborate architecture and color used on buildings in China. San Francisco looks very drab to them in comparison. Moon Shadow thinks, â€Å"Walking up the street, I nearly lost heart. To me, the wooden houses seemed like shells of wood which terrible monsters had spun about themselves† (18). Since he is not used to the box like American homes, they seem quite foreign and even intimidating to him. He misses the familiarity of his home. Moon Shadow also shows signs of loneliness when he says, † I did not go to school during the daytime like demon children because the demons would not allow me to go to any of their schools just a few blocks away† (50). He does not have any Chinese friends to play with, and he does no get much contact with white children. It is plain to see that Moon Shadow and his relatives face much loneliness in their everyday lives in America. The characters in this book have very difficult lives in their new â€Å"home,† America. They are burdened with many challenges and hardships. Because of this, their lives in America cannot be carefree and happy. Instead they are filled with sorrow, pain, and scrutiny. They must endure the racism and cruel stereotypes that are targeted at them by Americans. They must work extra hard to find and keep good jobs. It becomes evident that their lives so far away from home are barely endurable.

Dental Cavities And Water Fluoridation Health And Social Care Essay

Fluoridation of H2O is the controlled add-on of fluoride to a public H2O supply to cut down tooth decay. Fluoridated H2O has fluoride at a degree that is effectual for forestalling pits, this can happen of course or by adding fluoride. This pattern occurs chiefly in English-speaking states, as Continental Europe does non fluoridize public H2O supplies. Fluoridated H2O operates on tooth surfaces: in the oral cavity it creates low degrees of fluoride in spit, which reduces the rate at which tooth enamel demineralises and increases the rate at which it demineralises in the early phases of pits. A fluoridated compound is added to imbibing H2O, a procedure that in the United States costs an norm of about $ 0.94 per person-year. Bottled H2O typically has unknown fluoride degrees, and some domestic H2O filters take some or all fluoride. Dental pits remain a major public wellness concern in most industrialised states, impacting a bigger per centum of schoolchildren and the huge bulk of grownups. Water fluoridization prevents pits in both kids and grownups, with surveies gauging about 30 per centum decrease in pits when H2O fluoridization is used by kids who already have entree to toothpaste and other beginnings of fluoride. Water fluoridization can do dental fluorosis, which can change the visual aspect of developing dentitions. These are normally non considered to be of aesthetic or public-health concern. Fluoride ‘s effects depend on the entire day-to-day consumption of fluoride from all beginnings. Drinking H2O is typically the largest beginning ; other methods of fluoride therapy include fluoridization of toothpaste, salt, and milk. Water fluoridization, when executable and culturally acceptable, has significant advantages for subgroups at high hazard. The U.S. Centres for Disease Control listed H2O fluoridization as one of the 10 great public wellness accomplishments of the twentieth century. In contrast to most European states, who experienced significant diminutions in tooth decay without its usage due to the debut of fluoride toothpaste in the seventiess. Fluoridation may be more justified in the U.S. because of socio-economic inequalities in dental wellness and dental attention. The end of H2O fluoridization is to forestall a chronic disease whose jobs peculiarly fall on kids and on the hapless. The usage of H2O fluoridization creates a struggle between the common good and single rights. Health and dental organisations worldwide have endorsed its safety and effectivity. Its usage began in 1945, following surveies of kids in a part where higher degrees of fluoride take topographic point of course in the H2O. Research workers discovered that moderate fluoridization prevents tooth decay and as of 2004 about 400 million people worldwide received fluoridated H2O. Fluoridation besides prevents tooth decay by seting the concentration of fluoride in public H2O supplies. Tooth decay is one of the most prevailing chronic diseases worldwide. Even though it is seldomly dangerous, tooth decay can do ; hurting and impair feeding, speech production, facial visual aspect, and credence into society, it greatly affects the quality of life of kids, peculiarly those of low socio-economic position. Fluoridation does non impact the visual aspect, gustatory sensation, or odor of imbibing H2O. Normally it is made by adding one of three compounds to the H2O: Na fluoride, fluorosilicic acid, or Na fluorosilicate. Sodium fluoride ( NaF ) was the first compound used and is the mention criterion. It is a white, odourless pulverization ; the crystalline signifier is preferred if physical handling is used, as it minimizes dust. Fluorosilicic acid ( H2SiF6 ) is an cheap liquid byproduct of phosphate fertiliser industry. It contains so much H2O, transportation can be expensive Sodium fluorosilicate ( Na2SiF6 ) is a really all right crystal that is easier to transport than fluorosilicic acid. Among the chief benefits of fluoridization are: Community H2O fluoridization is an effectual, safe, and cheap manner to forestall tooth decay. This method of fluoride bringing benefits of all ages and despite socioeconomic position. Brushing twice a twenty-four hours with a fluoride toothpaste is an easy manner to forestall tooth decay. Fluoridation, which was started in Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1945, has been used successfully in the United States for more than 50 old ages. Fluoride plants by change by reversaling the decay procedure. It keeps tooth enamel strong and solid.A Community H2O fluoridization is considered one of 10 great public wellness accomplishments of the twentieth century. Of the 50 largest metropoliss in the United States, 42 have community H2O fluoridization. Fluoridation reaches 69 per centum of the population on public H2O supplies this is more than 184 million people.A Communities with fluoridated imbibing H2O in the United States, Australia, Britain, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand show dramatic decreases in tooth decay-those with fluoridated imbibing systems have less percent tooth decay. About all tooth decay can be prevented when fluoridization is combined with dental sealers and other fluoride merchandises, such as toothpaste.A Fluoride dietetic addendums can supply fluoride to those who do non hold equal degrees in their imbibing H2O. They are available as tablets, beads, or lozenges. Over-the-counter fluoride dental merchandises such as toothpastes and oral cavity rinses are effectual in forestalling decay. Merchandises with high concentrations of fluoride that are applied in the dental office or prescribed for place usage offer extra protection for those at increased hazard of tooth decay.A Fluoride will go on to be of import for forestalling tooth decay in this age group. Older Americans are particularly susceptible to tooth decay because of open root surfaces and oral cavity waterlessness that may ensue from many medicines. The hazards of fluoridization Fluoride was foremost added to H2O supplies in Grand Rapids, in 1945 to forestall tooth decay. The pattern has had some controversial with some claiming it does small to forestall tooth decay and is unsafe for wellness. Most tooth doctors and public wellness functionaries province that it significantly lowers the rates of tooth decay and presents no of import wellness hazards. A bigger per centum of United States population drinks fluoridated H2O. But on contrary when towns and metropoliss across the state hold elector referenda on fluoridization, its usage has been rejected about half the clip. The long-running argument over fluoride usage and exposure was the topic of a citizens ‘ conference held at St. Lawrence University, on July 28-30. Most research workers report on fluoride did non measure the safety or benefits of H2O fluoridization. But did address specifically the current maximal degree of natural fluoride EPA allows in imbibing H2O and concluded nem con that fluoride at that concentration harms dentitions and castanetss. A life-time of fluoride consumption in countries where the H2O is fluoridated at approximately 1 ppm can alter the quality of dentin and bone and may increase break rates for both. Kidney patients and diabetics are at particular menace from fluoridated H2O because they tend to imbibe more liquid than healthy persons. Bottle-fed babies are besides at particular hazard if expression is assorted with fluoridated H2O. Peoples drink widely different sums of fluoridated H2O and other beginnings of exposure vary as in U.S persons are having immensely different doses of fluoride. Fluoride at degrees found in imbibing H2O affects encephalon map in grownups the research workers report indicates that the receptor cells in the encephalon can change in response to toxins and fluoride. Fluoride impairs the encephalon ‘s ability to transport out signalling maps, with the effect that messages that are passed along the many tracts that are likely to be uncomplete. It does this by interrupting the creative activity and dislocation of neurofilaments in the axons of nerve cells. It besides interferes with both primary and secondary signalling in the nervous system. Fluoride may besides increase the figure of plaques and tangles in the encephalons of grownups, which could lend to dementia. These surveies were done by Isaacson utilizing rats, chronic exposure to sodium fluoride or aluminum fluoride in imbibing H2O, where by it led to plaques and tangles in the rats ‘ encephalons that are similar to the abnormalcies found in Alzheimer ‘s patients. It appears furthermore that exposure to fluoride in the uterus and throughout early life lowers intelligence. The Epidemiologic surveies suggest that fluoridization of imbibing H2O decreases the figure of kids at the really bright terminal of the IQ spectrum and increases the figure in the low IQ part the study says. Moderate fluorosis involves xanthous or brown mottling of dentition from inordinate fluoride exposure, occurs at rates somewhat high per centum in some fluoridated communities. Teeth with moderate fluorosis besides have weaker dentin with increased tubule size, he said. â€Å" This may do grownup teeth break more easy. In decision the benefit of H2O fluoridization as reference include ; reduced tooth decay, may merely be a map of delayed tooth eruption. It is known that lasting dentitions take longer to break out in kids who drink fluoridated H2O. Studies comparing decay rates in fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities normally assess the average figure of rotten, losing, and filled surfaces in lasting dentitions of 12-year-old kids. Thus its advisable to take fluoride out of the H2O supply, and utilize the money spent for fluoridization to advance better public wellness..